Timestamp ordering is a unique value given to every transaction whenever it comes into the system to execute. There are two types of timestamp values Read timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the read operation. Write timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the … Read more
Strict 2 phase locking This locking technique satisfies the basic 2 phase locking but holds all the exclusive locks until the transaction is committed or aborted during the execution. Some silent features of strict two-phase locking It ensures the transaction should be recoverable and cascadeless. It provides serializability. It provides the guarantee to strict schedules. … Read more
Lost update and dirty read problem both are issues that appear due to uncontrolled execution of the concurrent transaction. Lost Update Problem A lost update problem appears when at least two transactions access the same transaction data and performs their operation. As we know, the data of transaction if the first read by the system … Read more
Concurrency control is a method of managing multiple transactions or operations that are running simultaneously. It occurs in the multiuser system, where more than one user executes some transaction at the same time. Executing any transaction simultaneously will lead to inefficient system performance, very high waiting time and response time, and decrease resource utilization without … Read more
The main difference between the single-user and multi-user system are single-user system supports a maximum of one user to access the database but multi-user system supports a minimum of 2 users to access the database simultaneously. Below we have written various comparison for your better understanding. Single-user database system Multi-user database system It supports a … Read more