Timestamp ordering is a unique value given to every transaction whenever it comes into the system to execute. There are two types of timestamp values Read timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the read operation. Write timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the … Read more
What is Strict 2 phase locking? Strict Two-Phase Locking (Strict 2PL) is a rule used in databases to keep information safe when many people are using it at the same time. It works in two main steps: The strict part means that all write locks (locks put on data that was changed) stay until the … Read more
Lost update and dirty read problem both are issues that appear due to uncontrolled execution of the concurrent transaction. Lost Update Problem A lost update problem appears when at least two transactions access the same transaction data and performs their operation. As we know, the data of transaction if the first read by the system … Read more
Imagine a busy kitchen where many cooks are preparing different dishes at the same time. They need to share ingredients, utensils, and cooking stations without getting in each other’s way. This is a bit like what happens in a computer database, where concurrency control is the rulebook that helps everyone work together smoothly. We need … Read more
The main difference between the single-user and multi-user system are single-user system supports a maximum of one user to access the database but multi-user system supports a minimum of 2 users to access the database simultaneously. Below we have written various comparison for your better understanding. What is Single-User System? A Single-user System is designed … Read more