Interview Preparation

[2022] Most Important Spring Boot Interview Questions

In this page we have explained some most commonly asked Spring Boot interview question in MNCs from freshers and Experienced. If Your are struggling to find the most important and frequently asked face two face Spring Boot interview questions, Then hold down and take a deep breath because you are at the right place.

I know that It is very tough for fresher candidate as well as experienced candidate while working in company or preparing for college curriculum to prepare for an interview or to finding some great bunch of right questions that cover the most important topics.
In this section, I have tried to cover all important and most asked Spring Boot programming interview questions topics wise.
Let us start Preparing.

Spring Boot interview questions

Q1). Explain the Spring Boot key components?

Ans:

There are four important key components of spring-boot are

  • Spring Boot auto-configuration.
  • Spring Boot CLI.
  • Spring Boot starter POMs.
  • Spring Boot Actuators.

There are two more Spring Boot components

  • Spring initializr: To quick start new Spring Boot projects
  • Spring Boot IDEs: We have multiple Spring Boot IDEs for example : Eclipse IDE, IntelliJ IDEA, Spring STS Suite etc

Now we will discuss these Spring Boot four components one by one in detail.

Spring Boot AutoConfigurator

Spring Boot AutoConfigurator is an important key component of Spring Boot. Spring-based application requires a lot of configuration in development of the project. For example XML Configuration and Annotation Configuration.

To Minimize this configuration problem and save the time, Spring Boot bring with AutoConfiguraton. The main responsibility of the Spring Boot AutoConfigurator is to reduce the Spring XML Configuration and Annotation Configuration. In Development of any Spring Boot, We need to do some minimal Annotation configuration and no any single XML configuration.

In Spring Application XML Configuration requires for views, view resolvers etc But in  Spring Boot Framework  we dont need to define those XML Configuration. This application configuration will be taken care by Spring Boot AutoConfigurator.

Similarly   Spring Boot requires @SpringBootApplication annotation at class level. And this Spring Boot AutoConfigurator annotation will automatically add all required annotations to Java Class ByteCode.

 

@SpringBootApplication = @Configuration + @ComponentScan + @EnableAutoConfiration

That’s it about Spring Boot AutoConfigurate component.

NOTE:

  • Spring Boot Starter reduces build’s dependencies and Spring Boot AutoConfigurator reduces the Spring Configuration.
  • As we discussed that Spring Boot Starter has a dependency on Spring Boot AutoConfigurator, Spring Boot Starter triggers Spring Boot AutoConfigurator automatically.

Spring Boot Starter

Spring Boot Starters is important components of Spring Boot Framework. Spring Boot Starter  combines similar types of dependencies into single dependencies.

For an example if you want to develop a Spring WebApplication with Tomcat WebServer. For this development we have to add some jar dependencies in  Maven’s pom.xml file or Gradle’s build.gradle file like

  • Spring core Jar file(spring-core-xx.jar)
  • Spring Web Jar file(spring-web-xx.jar)
  • Spring Web MVC Jar file(spring-webmvc-xx.jar)
  • Servlet Jar file(servlet-xx.jar)

Suppose if we want to work with database in spring application then we need to add database related jars like Spring JDBC jar file, Spring ORM jar files, Spring Transaction Jar file etc.

  • Spring JDBC Jar file(spring-jdbc-xx.jar)
  • Spring ORM Jar file(spring-orm-xx.jar)
  • Spring Transaction Jar file(spring-transaction-xx.jar)

As we are seeing that we need lot of dependencies configurations in our build files. And adding this list of jar dependencies is tedious task for the Developers. Adding that much dependency makes build file complex and big in size.

To save us from the lots of dependencies configurations, we have Spring Boot Starter component.

Spring Boot Starter component combines all related jars into single jar file so that we required to add only one jar file dependency to our build files.

In above we have seen, to develop web application we need to add 4 jars. Now Instead of adding above 4 jars our build file, we need to add only one jar file: “spring-boot-starter-web” in our build file.

When we add “spring-boot-starter-web” jar file dependency to our build file, then Spring Boot Framework will automatically download all required jars and add to our project classpath.

That’s it about Spring Boot Starter component.

Spring Boot CLI

Spring Boot CLI also known as Spring Boot Command Line Interface. It is a Spring Boot tool that allow to run and test Spring Boot applications using command prompt.

When we run Spring Boot applications using CLI, it internally uses Spring Boot Starter and Spring Boot AutoConfigurate components to resolve all dependencies and execute the application.

We can run even Spring Web Applications with simple Spring Boot CLI Commands.

Spring Boot CLI basically run the Groovy scripts. It allows you to quickly develop Spring Framework applications. Groovy scripts is very similar to Java but without boilerplate code.

Spring Boot Actuator

Spring Boot Actuator is also a very important Component of the Spring Boot. It helps to monitor the sprint boot applications health , understand traffics, knowing the state of the database, operational information about the running application like metrics, info, dump, env. Spring Boot Actuator also Provides production-grade tools without having to actually implement these features ourselves.

The Three main features of Spring Boot Actuator are

  • Endpoints
  • Metrics
  • Audit

Whenever we run  the Spring Boot Web Application, Spring Boot Actuator provides hostname as “localhost” and default port number as “8080”. We can access this application using “https://localhost:8080/” end point.

Q2). Tell some List of Sprint Boot Actuator EndPoints

Ans: Some of Spring Boot Actuator End Point are:

  • auditevents: This endpoint Exposes the audit events information for the current application.
  • beans: Displays the list of all the Spring beans of application.
  • health: Display the health information of spring boot application.
  • caches: Exposes the all available caches.
  • env: Exposes the  all properties from Spring’s ConfigurableEnvironment.
  • metrics: It Shows the ‘metrics’ information for the current application.

There are some more Spring Actuator endpoints are loggers, mappings, sessions, shutdown, flyway, conditions, etc

Q3). Tell us some benefits of Spring Boot over Spring?

Ans: Spring boot framework is the extension of spring framework to help developers to start coding with low configuration. It eliminates the boilerplate configurations required for setting up a Spring application. 

Spring Boot comes with multiple starter dependencies for different Spring modules. 

Some of the most commonly used dependencies are :

  • spring-boot-starter-web
  • spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
  • spring-boot-starter-security
  • spring-boot-starter-test
  • spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf
  • spring-boot-starter-actuator

Below are the features provided by spring boot but spring doesn’t

  • Starter POM
  • Auto Configuration
  • Component Scanning
  • Embedded server
  • InMemory DB
  • Actuators
  • Version Management

Q4). What is the starter dependency of the Spring boot module?

Ans:

Some of Spring Boot Starter Dependencies are

Spring Boot Starter web: Important features of spring-boot-starter-web are It is compatible for web development and Provides Auto configuration. This spring-boot-starter-web dependency pulls all dependencies which is used in the Spring Boot web development.

Below is the code to add Spring Boot Starter web in Spring Boot project using POM.xml.

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency>

Spring Boot Starter Actuator : This dependency is used to monitor and manage the Spring Boot application. Below is the code to add Spring Boot Starter Actuator in Spring Boot project using POM.xml.

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId></dependency> 

Spring Boot Starter Security: This dependency is used in Spring Boot application    to add the Security in Spring Boot Application.

Below is the code to add Spring Boot Starter Security in Spring Boot project using POM.xml.

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId></dependency> 

Spring Boot Starter ThymeLeaf : Spring Boot Starter ThymeLeaf Dependency  is used to create a web application. It provides a good support for serving a XHTML/HTML5 in web applications.

Below is the code to add Spring Boot Starter ThymeLeaf in Spring Boot project using POM.xml.

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId></dependency> 

Spring Boot Starter Test: This dependency is used in Spring Boot Application to write the Unit Test cases of Java methods. Below is the code to add Spring Boot Starter Test in Spring Boot project using POM.xml.

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId></dependency>

Q5). What is Spring Boot dependency management.

Ans: Spring Boot dependency management system manages dependencies and configuration automatically. We need not to specify the version of the dependencies in our configuration file. Spring Boot automatically upgrades all dependencies added in configuration file when we update the Spring Boot version.

Q6) How does Spring Boot works Internally?

Ans:

When we Create Spring Boot Application we add the starter Dependencies in it. This Starter Dependencies automatically configures Spring Boot application based on the dependencies you have added to the project. We add @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation for the configuration.

Suppose if you have not configured any database connection, Spring Boot auto-configures an in-memory database.

The entry point of the spring boot application is the class contains @SpringBootApplication annotation and the main method.

@ComponentScan annotation scans all the components included in the Spring Boot Application automatically.

Q7). Explain Auto Configuration in Spring Boot.

Ans:

Spring Boot Auto Configuration , configures Spring application based on the dependencies we have added in the project.

For Autoconfiguration we will add @EnableAutoConfiguration

annotation or @SpringBootApplication annotation in main class file. This annotation will automatically automatically configure Spring Boot application.

Lets see the below example for better understanding.

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
@EnableAutoConfiguration
public class SpringBootApplicationDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      SpringApplication.run(SpringBootApplicationDemo.class, args);
   }
}

Spring Boot Application

Class that  contains  @SpringBootApplication annotation denotes the entry point of the Spring Boot Application. This class should have the main method to run the Spring Boot application. @SpringBootApplication annotation includes Auto- Configuration, Component Scan, and Spring Boot Configuration.

If we add @SpringBootApplication annotation in java class, we need not to add any other annotation like @EnableAutoConfiguration, @ComponentScan and @SpringBootConfiguration.

We can say SpringBootApplication  = EnableAutoConfiguration + ComponentScan + SpringBootConfiguration.

Below example show how we can use SpringBootApplication annotations.

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringBootApplicationDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      SpringApplication.run(SpringBootApplicationDemo.class, args);
   }
}

Component Scan

In Spring Boot application @ComponentScan annotation scan all your components that is added in your project. This annotation scans all the beans and package declarations when the application initializes.

Without writing any explicit code, Spring will Scan our application for classes annotated with @Component, Instantiate them and inject any specified dependencies into them and Inject them wherever needed.

Below is the example of using component scan

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
@ComponentScan
public class SpringBootApplicationDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      SpringApplication.run(SpringBootApplicationDemo.class, args);
   }
}

Q8) How does a spring boot application get started?

Ans:

Spring Boot application Looks for the class having @SpringBootApplication annotation with main method. This method serves as an entry point, which invokes the SpringApplication.run method to start the application.

@SpringBootApplication 
public class SpringBootApplicationDemo{    
       public static void main(String[] args) {        
             SpringApplication.run(SpringBootApplicationDemo.class); 
       } 
}

Q9) Tell some commonly used Spring Boot CLI commands?

Ans:

Some commonly used Spring Boot CLI Commands Are:
-run, -test, -install, -uninstall, -grap, -jar, -war, –init, -shell, -help etc

Q10) Tell Some Basic Annotations used in Spring Boot?

Ans:

The Spring Boot annotations reside in its org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure package and its sub-packages.

Some Common and Important Spring Boot Annotations are:

@EnableAutoConfiguration – It makes Spring Boot look for auto-configuration beans on its classpath and automatically apply them.

@SpringBootApplication – This annotation is used to denote the main class of a Boot Application. This annotation combines @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan annotations with their default attributes.

Some More annotations of Spring Boot are:

For Application Basic Setup

@SpringBootApplication

@ComponentScan

@Configuration

@EnableAutoConfiguration

For Request Response

@GetMapping

@PostMapping

@RequestMapping

For Component Types

@Repository

@Service

@Component

@Controller

Q11) What is Spring Boot dependency management?

Ans:

Spring Boot manages dependencies and configuration automatically. We don’t need to mention the version of the dependencies in our configuration. We can say Dependency Management as it is a way to manage the dependencies efficiently in one place. When we update the Spring Boot version Spring Boot upgrades all dependencies automatically.

Q12) How you can change the port of embedded Tomcat server in Spring Boot?

Ans:

There are two ways to change the default port of server in Spring Boot

1). Using application.properties file

server.port = 8081

In the application.properties file just change the default value of port to value what you wanted to be. Here we have given 8081 as a new port value.

2). Using application.yaml file

Server:

   Port:8081

Also you can change the port value from application.yaml by changing the default value of port to value what you wanted to be. Here we have also given 8081 as a new port value.

Q13). How you can change the tomcat server to any other Server in Spring Boot?

Ans:

To Replace the embedded tomcat server in Spring Boot first we have to exclude the default server from the pom.xml. And to  add new server we will add the new dependency.

For example:

To exclude tomcat from starter dependency add below code in pom.xml

 

 

<dependency>  
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>  
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
  <exclusions>    
   <exclusion>      
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>      
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>    
   </exclusion>  
  </exclusions>
</dependency>

And to include new server add as a dependency. Below is the example to add jetty server.

<dependency>  
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>  
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
</dependency>

 

Q14) What is @RestController annotation in Sprint boot?

Ans: 

@RestController  annotation is a combination of @Controller and @ResponseBody annotation. It is used to make restful web services and also it converts the response to JSON or XML. This annotation is used at the class level and it allows class to handle the requests made by the client.

Q15). What is the difference between @Controller and @RestController?

Ans: 

  • With @controller annotation class is responsible for preparing a model Map with data to be displayed by the view But @RestController annotation class is responsible  for creating Restful controllers.
  • @controller only behave as controller, we need to add @responsebody annotation with method to return value and writes it to the HTTP response. But @RestController annotation is a combination of @controller and @responsebody which by default converts return as HTTP Response.
  • @Controller is used to mark classes as Spring MVC Controller whereas @RestController annotation mark class as RESTful Web services.
  • In @Controller, we need to use @ResponseBody on every handler method but in @RestController we don’t need to use @ResponseBody on every handler method.
  • @Controller annotation added in Spring 2.0 version whereas @RestController annotation added in Spring 4.0 version.

Q16). What is the difference between RequestMapping and GetMapping?

Ans:

  • RequestMapping annotation is used with GET, POST, PUT, and other request methods. getMapping is an extension of RequestMapping which helps you to improve on clarity of requests.
  • @RequestMapping annotation is used on a class level but the @GetMapping is used on method-level

Q17). What is Actuator in Spring Boot?

Ans: An actuator in Spring boot is a feature  that helps you to monitor and manage your application when you push it to production. These actuators include auditing, health, CPU usage, HTTP hits, metric gathering, and many more that are automatically applied to your application.

Q18). What is the process to enable Actuator in Spring boot application?

Ans:

To enable the spring actuator feature, we need to add the dependency of “spring-boot-starter-actuator” in pom.xml.

Below is the xml snippet that can be added 

<dependency>
<groupId> org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId> spring-boot-starter-actuator </artifactId>
</dependency>

Q19). Tell some endpoint actuator-provide to monitor the Spring boot application?

Ans:

Actuators provide below pre-defined endpoints to monitor our application –

  • Health
  • Info
  • Beans
  • Mappings
  • Configprops
  • Httptrace
  • Heapdump
  • Threaddump
  • Shutdown

Q20). What is the use of Profiles in spring boot?

Ans:

To Complete the development process of an application  or we can say during  the development of any application, we deal with multiple environments such as dev, test and Prod. Sometime we need specific configuration at each environment level. Suppose we are using an embedded H2 database for dev but for prod, we might have proprietary Oracle.

A profile is a set of configuration settings. Spring Boot allows to define profile specific property files in the form of application-{profile}.properties. It automatically loads the properties in an application.properties file for all profiles, and the ones in profile-specific property files only for the specified profile. 

spring boot interview question

Q21). What is dependency Injection in Spring Boot?

Ans:

The process of injecting dependent objects into target class is called dependency injection. Suppose our one class is dependent on the another class object. In that case we will provide the other class object to our class. This process is known as dependency injections.

There are multiple ways to inject the dependencies.

  • Setter Injection: The IOC container will inject the dependent bean object into the target bean object by calling the setter method.
  • Constructor Injection: Here IOC container will pass the dependent object via constructor of the class.
Class Student(private val school:School){
    Fun markAttendence(){
        school.mark();
    }
}
  • Field Injection: Here dependency object will directly pass in a field in the target class.
Class Student {
  Public val school :School;
  Fun markAttendence(){
    school.mark();
  }
}

 

Q22). What is an IOC container?

Ans: IoC Container is a framework for implementing automatic dependency injection. It manages object creation and its life-time and also injects dependencies into the class.

Q23). Tell the steps how you will create spring boot project using Spring Initializer.

Ans:

Spring Initializr is a web tool provided by Spring. Using this tool we can create Spring boot projects by providing project details and giving the jar dependencies details needed for our project.

Let’s see the procedure step by step to create a spring boot project:

  • First, go to the browser and browse for spring intializr.
  • Now Choose the project type maven. Give the details like project name, Group and Artifact details, etc. Now select the required dependencies for the projects. Click on Generate Project and it will download a project to your system.
  • After the download of the project extracts this project into your system.
  • Open your IDE like eclipse or STS and import the downloaded and extracted project file using the import project option in IDE.
  • After the import project will take some time to internal build and download the dependencies.
  • Now you are done with the creation of the spring boot project.

Q24). Tell me the Advantages of the YAML file Over Properties file.

Ans:
The advantage of the YAML file over the properties file in Spring Boot is, that YAML Stores data in a hierarchical format but the properties file does not.
 
YAML file makes easy to read and debug the file for developers. The SpringApplication class supports the YAML file as an alternative to properties whenever you use the SnakeYAML library on your classpath.
 
One more great advantage of YAML is suppose we have different deployment profiles such as  development, testing, or production,  so instead of creating new files for each environment we can place all the details in a single YAML file. Which is not possible in the case of properties file.

Q25). Tell some difference between @RequestParam vs @PathVariable Annotations.

Ans:

1). @RequestParams extract values from the query string and @PathVariables extract values from the URI path.

Example of Pathvariable:

Suppose our url structure is http://localhost:8080/springproject/xyz
Then we will use @pathVariable annotation like below to extract some value from the URLs

@GetMapping("/springproject/{id}")
@ResponseBody
public String getIdUsingPathVariable (@PathVariable String id) {
return "ID: " + id;
}

Here id will be print as “xyz”

Example of @RequestParam

Suppose our url structure is http://localhost:8080/springproject?id=xyz
Then we will use @ RequestParam annotation like below to extract some value from the URLs

@GetMapping("/foos")
@ResponseBody
public String getIdUsingRequestParam(@RequestParam String id) {
return "ID: " + id;
}

Here id will be return as “xyz”.

2). @RequestParam encoded the value from url but @PathVariable extracting values from the URI path is not encoded.

@PathVariable Example:
If the url will be like http://localhost:8080/springproject/x+y
Output will be x+y
Here url value is not decoded.


@RequestParam Example:
http://localhost:8080/springproject?id=x+y

Output will be x y
Here url value is decoded

3). We can make @RequestParam and @PathVariable optional with the help of required attribute.
Below is a example

@GetMapping("/optional/{id}")
@ResponseBody
public String getIdUsingPathVariable(@PathVariable(required = false) String id) {    
  return "ID: " + id;
}

For Url http://localhost:8080/optional/xyz
Output will be xyz
And for Url http://localhost:8080/optional/
Ouput will be null

Q6). Tell something about Spring @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, @DeleteMapping and @PatchMapping

Ans:

@GetMapping – It is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)

It is used to get single or all values from the database in Spring Application.

@PostMapping – It is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)

Method that has @PostMapping annotation is responsible to Create single or multiple entries in the database.

It is used to create single or multiple value in the database in Spring Application.

@PutMapping – It is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT)

Method that has @PutMapping annotation is responsible to update the data in the database.

@PatchMapping – It is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PATCH)

@PatchMapping  annotation is used when we want to apply a partial update on the database.

@DeleteMapping – It is a shortcut for @RequestMapping(method =RequestMethod.DELETE)

It is used to Delete single or multiple value from the database in the Spring Application.

Q7). What is the difference between while (0) and while (1)?

Ans:
The term while is conditional based loop, While(0) means the condition of while loop is false so it will never execute a particular section of the code inside the program. Whereas while(1) is the opposite of while(0) and it will execute the particular section of code infinite times.

Q8). Difference b/w Entry controlled and Exit controlled loop?

Ans:
In Entry controlled loop first the loop condition is checked then after the body of the loop is executed whereas in Exit controlled loop first the body of the loop is executed then after condition is checked.
Entry Controlled Loops are : for, while
Exit Controlled Loop is : do while

Q9). Can we use continue statement without using a loop?

Ans:

No, we cannot use continue statement without using a loop, it can be used within any loop whether its while , for , or Do-while loop. In case if we try to use continue without using loop, there will be a compile error i.e”Misplaced continue”.

Q10) Explain for Loop in C Language with example.

Ans:
A for loop is used to executes a statement for a specific number of times.

Output:

for loop example in c

Q11). What is the difference between ++a and a++.

Ans:
‘++a’ is called prefix increment. In this, first value of the variable “a” gets incremented and then assigned to the variable a. On the other hand “a++” is called post increment.The value stored in the variable “a” gets incremented after the execution of the particular line.

Also Prepare these c interview questions that are equally important:

Frequently Asked Pattern Programming In C

Important Coding Questions in C

C interview questions on functions

Q1). What is function? Why to use function.

Ans:
A function is a block of code which performs some specific task. 
Uses of C function are: functions helps to avoid the rewriting the same code again and again in our program. functions can be called from any place of our program and any number of times. functions helps to make code more readable and simple.

Output:

function example in c

Q2). What is recursion in C?

Ans:
When a function calls itself, and this process is known as recursion. The function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.

Output:

fibonacci series in c using recursion

Q3). What are called and calling functions?

Ans:
Parent function which calls any function is known as called function and the function which is being called is known as calling function.

Here, name_Func() is called within the main() function, so main() is called function, while name_Func() is calling function.

Q4). Are exit () and return statements same in function definition?

Ans:
No, both are different as we used exit() to immediately exit from the program, where as return is used to return the control of programs execution from the called function to calling function.

Q5). When is the “void” keyword used in a function?

Ans:
When we declare the function we have to decide whether we want some return value from the function or not, if we only want to print some value or statements on the screen we use void on the left side of function name otherwise we place the data type of the value on the left side of function name.

Q6). Differentiate between call by value and call by reference.

Ans:

Factor

Call by Value

Call by Reference

Safety

In call by value actual parameters are safe because operations are performed on formal parameter.

In call by value operations are performed on actual parameters so it is not safe here.

Memory Location

In this separate memory locations are created for actual and formal parameters

In this actual and Formal parameters share the same memory space.

Parameters

In this copy of actual parameters are passed.

 

In this actual parameters are passed.

Q7). Explain rand() function in c. Write a program in c to generate a random number.

Ans: The rand() function in c is used to generate a random number.

Output:

rand function example in c

C interview questions on array and pointer

Q1). What is an array in C?

Ans:
An Array is a collection of similar types of elements i.e. data having similar type of data type. Array takes memory in contiguous fashion to store data. We cannot change the size and type of arrays after its declaration.
Array are of two types:
One-dimensional array: One-dimensional array is an array that stores the elements one after the another in rowwise .
Syntax:
int arr[size];
Multidimensional array: Multidimensional array is a collection of more than one one-dimensional array.
Syntax:
int arr[size][size];

Q2) What is a pointer in C?

Ans:

A pointer is a variable that contains the address of another variable. We use variable of pointer type when we want to store direct address of any variable’s memory locaion.
For example:
int *p,i;
p = &i;
The above syntax show that p is a pointer variable. And p can store the address of variable i.
One more things always keep in mind data type of pointer variable and variable must be same. Pointer variable can store only the similar type of datatype.

Example of pointer:

Output:

print address of pointer in c

Q3) What is a NULL pointer in C?

Ans:
A pointer that doesn’t refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When we assign a ‘0’ value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.

Q4) What is a far pointer in C?

Ans:
A pointer which can access all the 16 segments of RAM is known as far pointer. A far pointer is a 32-bit pointer that obtains information outside the memory in a given section.

Q5) What is a dangling pointer in C?

Ans:
A pointer that doesn’t refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When we assign a ‘0’ value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.

Q6). What is Wild Pointers in C.

Ans: Such pointers in C which are Uninitialized in c code are called Wild Pointers. In general these pointers are pointing to the arbitrary memory location and cause program to crash.

Q7) can a pointer access the array?

Ans:
Pointers can access the array by holding the base address of the array.

8). Why a[5] == 5[a]?

Ans: As we know that

  a[b] == *(a+b)

so

  a[2] == *(a+2)

therefore,

  2[a] = *(2+a)

Here is basically commutative law which is followed by it.

C interview questions on structure and unions

Q1) What is structure in C?

Ans:

The structure is a user-defined data type. Structure allows to combine data items of different kinds. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members in structure. Structure members can be accessed only through structure variables.
Syntax of structure
struct structure_name
{
variable1;
variable2
.
.
variable n;
}[structure variables];

Let’s see a simple example.

Output:

structure example in c

Q2). What is union in C?

Ans:
The union is also user-defined data type. Union allows to combine data items of different kinds. Union doesn’t occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds only the memory of the largest member only. In union, we can access only one variable at a time.It allocates one common space for all the members of a union. 
Syntax of union 
struct union_name { variable1;
variable2; . . variable n;
}[union variables]; 
Let’s see a simple example.

Output:

union example in c

Q3). Difference between malloc() and calloc() functions?

Ans:

Malloc()

Calloc()

1. The term malloc() stands for memory allocation.

1. The term malloc() stands for contiguous allocation.

2. It takes one argument, that is, the number of bytes.

2. It takes two arguments i.e number of blocks and size of each block.

3.syntax of malloc():

void *malloc(size_t n);

Where n indicates allocates bytes of memory. If the allocation succeeds, a void pointer to the allocated memory is returned. Otherwise, NULL is returned.

3.syntax of calloc():

void *calloc(size_t n, size_t size);

Allocates a contiguous block of memory large enough to hold n elements of size bytes each. The allocated region is initialized to zero.

4. It is faster than calloc.

4. It is somewhat slower than malloc() as it takes extra steps to initialize the allocated memory by zero.

Q4). What do you mean by a Nested Structure?

C interview questions on file handling and memory allocation

Q1.) What is static memory allocation?

Ans:
In static memory allocation, memory is allocated during compile time. And we cannot increase memory while executing the program. Array use the static memory allocation. lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of the program. It applies to global variables, file scope variables etc.The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap.
For example: int arr[20]; The above example creates an array of integer type, and the size of an array is fixed, i.e., 20.

Q2) What is dynamic memory allocation?

Ans:
In dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated at runtime. We can increase memory while executing the program. The malloc() or calloc() function is used to allocate the memory at the runtime. Dynamic memory allocation is used in linked list.
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