Database management system is the software and collection of the program which is used to create, manipulate, retrieve and delete databases. DBMS is a system that has a collection of operations that helps users to perform operations like (Updation, Insertion, Deletion, etc.) in an easy way within the database. It provides easiness to the users. … Read more
PL/SQL stands for procedural Structures query language which is an extension of the structural query language (SQL) and oracle relation database. It is independent of the operating system environment and tightly integrated with SQL. It provides extensive error checking, numerous data types, and a variety of programming structures. It also supports structural programming through the … Read more
The optimistic control protocol is also called validation-based protocol which copies the transaction data locally and updates the local copy of data instead of actual data in the database. It works in three phases Read phase: All transaction data are read and stored in a temporary variable which is also called the local variable of that … Read more
Timestamp ordering is a unique value given to every transaction whenever it comes into the system to execute. There are two types of timestamp values Read timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the read operation. Write timestamp: It is the value of the last transaction which successfully performed the … Read more
The locking technique uses a lock that guarantees the exclusive use of data of transactions. The lock is used to restrict different transaction which is executing at the same time. There are 3 phases of Locking technique Taking the lock control and accessing the data of the transaction Complete the transaction execution Release lock There … Read more
Atomicity It states that a transaction must be treated as a single atomic unit i.e. Either transaction executed successfully or completely failed. It should not stuck in between or execute partially. The states of the transaction should be defined before execution or after the execution or failure or abortion of the transaction. For example: Suppose … Read more
The main difference between the single-user and multi-user system are single-user system supports a maximum of one user to access the database but multi-user system supports a minimum of 2 users to access the database simultaneously. Below we have written various comparison for your better understanding. Single-user database system Multi-user database system It supports a … Read more