2-phase locking with examples. Will two-phase locking result in deadlock? Justify your answer

The locking technique uses a lock that guarantees the exclusive use of data of transactions. The lock is used to restrict different transaction which is executing at the same time.

2-phase locking technique

It is the same as the Locking technique explained above but it has two phases to act which are:

1. Growing phase: It is a phase where a transaction acquires the lock but does not release it.
2. Shrinking phase: It is a phase where a transaction releases the lock but does not acquire it.

The 2-phase locking technique is further divided into 3 categories

1. Strict 2 phase locking
2. Rigorous 2 phase locking
3. Conservative 2 phase locking

Strict 2 phase locking

This locking technique satisfies the basic 2 phase locking but holds all the exclusive locks until the transaction is committed or aborted during the execution.

Rigorous 2 phase locking

This locking technique satisfies the basic 2 phase locking but holds all the exclusive locks and shared locks until the transaction is committed or aborted during the execution.

Conservative 2 phase locking

It is a locking technique that satisfies the basic 2 phase locking but it holds all the required locks at the beginning of transaction execution.

Rigorous two-phase locking is stricter than any of the available categories but it is very easy to implement. It ensures Cascadeless and strict recovery.

Deadlock in 2-phase locking technique

T1	T2
Exclusive_lock(X)
	Exclusive_lock(Y)
Exclusive_lock(Y) // wait till T2 release Y
	Exclusive_lock(X) // wait till T1 release Y

Let T1 and T2 be two transactions executing simultaneously. Transaction T1 takes an exclusive lock on a data value (Let’s say X) from the database and transaction T2 takes an exclusive lock on another data value (Let’s say Y) from the database and both of them start executing the transaction further. After some time the transaction T1 asks for another exclusive lock on data value Y, which leads T1 to wait until T2 releases the exclusive lock on Y as it is currently holding Y. After some time, transaction T2 asks for an exclusive lock on data value X which is currently held by transaction T1, so T2 also suffers from waiting till X is released from T1.

Now the situation is T1 is holding X and waiting for Y to complete its transaction, and T2 is holding Y and waiting for X to get released. Until T1 gets Y and completes the transaction, it will not release X. Similarly, unless T2 gets X and completes the transaction, it will not release Y. Now both the transactions are holding data values that are needed by each other to complete the transaction which leads both of them to wait infinitely for their resources which blocks both transactions to execute further (none of the transactions will abort in this process). This situation is called deadlock state which is possible in the two-phase locking technique.